Skip to content

Zambia Language and Culture: A Glimpse into Its Rich Heritage

gpi_seychelles culture customs and traditions

Zambia Language and CultureZambia, officially known as the Republic of Zambia, is a landlocked country in south-central Africa. Formerly known as Northern Rhodesia, it was renamed Zambia after the Zambezi River once the country gained independence from Britain in 1964. 

The country is bordered in the north by the Democratic Republic of Congo, in the northeast by Tanzania, Malawi to the east, Botswana and Zimbabwe to the south,  Mozambique to the southeast, Namibia to the southwest, and Angola to the west. 

The capital city of Zambia, Lusaka, is located on the south-central side of the country and serves as the center of government, commerce, and finance. The population of Zambia is around 20.1 million, and it is concentrated mainly around Lusaka in the south and the Copperbelt Province to the north, the core economic hubs of the country.  

Zambia language and culture are deeply rooted in the nation’s diversity, with about 72 ethnic groups, each contributing unique languages, customs, and traditions. Ninety percent of these groups are classified into nine major ethnolinguistic categories: Tonga, Lunda, Nyanja-Chewa, Tumbuka, Bemba, Luvale, Lozi, Nkoja, and Kande. These groups have significantly shaped Zambia’s history and cultural identity.

Zambia is also known for its natural resources, particularly copper, its main export. Beyond copper, the economy includes agriculture, tourism, and manufacturing. Despite challenges like poverty and unemployment, Zambia thrives as a vibrant, resilient nation with a rich cultural legacy.

 

Flag 

The flag of Zambia is a symbol of the country’s rich history, culture, and aspirations. The flag is a source of great pride for its people, symbolizing the nation’s rich history and diverse cultural heritage. It consists of a rectangular block of three horizontal stripes arranged from top to bottom in red, black, and orange, respectively. A majestic eagle in flight overlays the stripes in the center of the flag, colored in a vibrant orange hue against a backdrop of green. 

Each color on the flag holds significant meaning to the people of Zambia. The color red represents the country’s struggle for freedom and liberation from colonial rule. Black symbolizes the people of Zambia, their resilience, and their unity in the face of adversity. Orange represents the country’s mineral wealth, highlighting Zambia’s vast resources, including copper, the country’s primary export. 

The color green represents the lush and abundant natural resources that Zambia has been blessed with. The eagle in flight, superimposed over the stripes, is a powerful symbol of freedom, strength, and resilience of the Zambian people. It is a testament to the ability of the country to rise above its challenges and soar toward a brighter future. 

The flag of Zambia serves as a reminder of the country’s past struggles and achievements and provides hope for a brighter future. 

 

National and Local Languages of Zambia 

English is the official language of Zambia, but most educated citizens mainly use it as a second language. Bemba and Nyaja are the two most widely spoken languages. In the capital city of Lusaka, an urban sort of Nyaja (Chewa) is the lingua franca used by speakers of a different dialect. Others include Tonga, Lozi, Kaonde, Lunda, Luvale, etc. There are about 70 languages, including Zambian sign language. 

Below are the most spoken languages in Zambia and its speaker population: 

  • Bemba (35%) 
  • Nyanja (Chewa) (20%) 
  • Tonga (12%) 
  • Lozi (6%) 
  • English (2%) 
  • Others (35%) 

Through the changes made by the Zambian government in education, the literacy rate has increased by 87.7%, with English as the language of instruction in schools. Therefore, almost all citizens can speak English quite well.  

 

Zambian Culture and Values 

Zambia is a country rich in cultural diversity, with over 72 ethnic groups residing within its borders. Each group has unique cultural practices, traditions, and beliefs, which are celebrated and acknowledged annually. These celebrations vary in scale, from small gatherings amongst different ethnic groups to large-scale events that bring entire villages together. 

Despite the diversity in cultural practices, there are some common values that bind the Zambian people together. These values are often related to popular African and Christian values but also have unique aspects that set them apart. For instance, in Zambia, it is considered impolite to reject a gift, and it is expected that the recipient will receive the gift with both hands, showing gratitude and respect. When greeting a woman, a man should withhold his hands until the woman offers her hand as a sign of respect and courtesy. 

The Zambian people take pride in their cultural heritage and strive to preserve their traditions for future generations. It is not uncommon to see young people actively participating in cultural events and festivals, which are seen as a way of passing down cultural knowledge and values. These events also serve as a platform for promoting national unity and fostering a sense of belonging among different ethnic groups. 

 

Holidays and Celebrations in Zambia 

In Zambia, most occasions are either national or religious, with public holidays, e.g., Youth Day on March 12th, Labor Day on May 1st, and Africa Day being celebrated on May 25th. Other holidays include Heroes’ Day, recognized as the first Monday of July, and Unity Day, which is celebrated the following Tuesday. The first Monday of August is Farmers’ Day. 

The Christians celebrate all known Christian holidays like Christmas and New Year. These days are also public holidays. 

 

Religion in Zambia 

The Zambia Statistic Agency records show that 95.5% of the country’s population are Christians, with 75.3% identifying as Protestant and 20.2% as Roman Catholics. 2.7% of the country’s population are Muslims, and an even smaller percentage are Hindus, Bahais, Buddhists, Jews, and Sikhs though many people combine Christianity with indigenous beliefs.  

Zambian Food and Special Dishes 

Zambia possesses a variety of unique dishes, Nshima, made from pounded white maize, makes up the main component of Zambian meals. Other meals loved nationwide include: 

  • Ifinkubala (mopane worms/caterpillars): these worms are usually picked during rainy seasons from the northern part of the country and dried to make them available all year. 
  • Kapenta (dry sardine): one of the most-eaten foods in Zambia Kapenta is available in most markets countrywide. It is also known as Mpulungu and Savonga. 
  • Chikanda (African polony): initially common among Bemba indigenes of the Northern region of Zambia. It is made using wild orchids which are pounded after drying and mixed with a thick mixture of groundnut. 

 

Zambian Fashion 

Traditional clothing for Zambian women is usually long and loose. Zambian women in rural areas wear a piece of clothing known as the chitenge. A chitenge is a piece of clothing two yards in length that women wrap around their bodies. The width of the cloth is long enough to cover one from the waist down to the ankle for a person of average height. The Chitenge can also be sewn into suits and loose-fitting shirts for men. 

 

Family Life in Zambia 

Family is highly valued and is regarded as an integral part of society in Zambia. It is not uncommon for extended family members to live together in the same household, which leads to large families. This sense of extended family creates a close-knit community where individuals rely on each other for support and assistance. 

The family structure in Zambia is diverse and can vary depending on the tribe or ethnic group. The head of the family is usually the father or the maternal uncle, depending on the specific family structure. In cases where the maternal uncle is the head of the family, decision-making is typically more in the hands of the mother than the father. These matrilineal families are common in Zambia and have been passed down from generation to generation. 

In Zambia, the family also plays a significant role in social and economic development. Families often work together to help each other in various ways, including farming, trading, and business activities. The family unit also plays a crucial role in the education and upbringing of children. Children are taught to respect and obey their elders and to maintain strong family ties. 

 

Common Zambian Language Expressions and Translation 

Language is a great way to build rapport with people, and the use of local language can grant you access to and better bond with a society’s inner circle. So here are some phrases or words from the Bemba language of Zambia. 

  • Ulishani (informal) – Hello 
  • Mulishani (formal) – Hello 
  • Mwashibuashaani – How did you sleep? 
  • Mwabombashaani – How has work been? 
  • Niwenani? Nimwe bani ishina – What is your name? 
  • Nine … ishina iyandi… ni – My name is… 
  • Wafumakwisa? Where are you from? 
  • Nafuma ku – I’m from… 
  • Chileshe – Cheers! Good health 
  •  Mwende bwino – Bon voyage/Have a good journey  
  • Ee – Yes 
  • Awe – No 
  • Nshumfwile – I don’t understand 
  • Walishimba icisungu – Do you speak English?  

 

Translating for the Zambia Market 

Language is essential to daily life in Zambia, especially in the market. One of the biggest challenges traders face in Zambia is the language barrier. Due to the diversity of languages spoken in the country, traders often encounter customers who do not speak their language. This makes it challenging to communicate effectively and results in missed business opportunities. 

Many traders use non-verbal communication methods to overcome this challenge, such as pointing to their products or showing pictures, which is effective to some extent. Businesses seeking to penetrate the Zambian market can use this approach or utilize professional translators to translate into the language of the target audience.  

When translating for the Zambian market, be aware of cultural sensitivities and translate content to suit the needs of the target audience. For example, translate content to Bemba in a region with more Bemba speakers. When translating, also consider localizing the content as much as possible. This can be done by using images, currency, and units of measurement that are relatable to the Zambian audience. 

 

Doing Business in Zambia 

Starting up a business in Zambia in recent years has been made easy through an online process or in-person registration, which could take about 14 days at most.  

  • Check the company’s name for uniqueness; this can be done online, and clearance is carried out by the Patent and Companies Registration Agency (PACRA) 
  • The declaration of compliance (company’s Form 11) form must be signed by a commissioner of oath 
  • Register the company 
  • Obtain tax ID  
  • Register for Social Security 
  • Pay business levy 
  • Register for VAT 
  • Get an investment registration certificate (optional) 

 

Conclusion 

Zambia language and culture play a crucial role in communication, as Zambians are most accommodating and welcoming when their local language is used. Understanding the traditions and cultural do’s and don’ts of the Zambians helps build trust and fosters stronger connections. Translating and localizing content tailored to Zambia’s cultural context enables businesses to reach a wider audience, providing ease of access and a better understanding of products or services for the target market.

 

Reference:

Subscribe to our Newsletter